Limited Liability Partnerships (for brevity referred as ‘LLP’) is one of the emerging trends among the types of vehicles available for conduct of business or profession. LLP’s are governed by Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008. This article aims at understanding the overview of regulatory requirements when Foreign Direct Investments(for brevity ‘FDI’) are made in LLP’s.

FDIs in LLP’s are governed by Notification No 20/2000-RB dated 03.05.2000 (amended from timeto time) which deals with The Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or Issue of Security By a Person Resident Outside India) Regulations, 2000. As per Regulation 5(9) of the said regulations, any person resident outside India (other than a citizen of Pakistan and Bangladesh) or any entity incorporated outside India (other than entity in Pakistan or Bangladesh) and not being specified personsmay contribute foreign capital either by way of capital contribution or by way of acquisition/transfer of profit shares in the capital structure of LLP under FDI, subject to the terms and conditions mentioned in Schedule 9 of the said Notification.

Read more: Foreign Direct Investments In Limited Liability Partnership

The taxability of intangibles in the sphere of indirecttaxation is often ambiguous and litigation prone. The whole country has witnessed the decision of the apex court in the case of Tata Consultancy Services vs

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State of Andhra Pradeshwherein it was held that intangible intellectual property right in the computer software is ‘goods’ and accordingly chargeable to VAT. Post this judgment, the whole perspective of looking at intangibles from the indirect tax point of view has changed and the taxability of such intangibles has gathered complexity leading to huge litigation since the assessee has to face troubles from both the center and state Revenue Authorities.

In the above context, this article tries to understand the implications under service tax and VAT on the copyrights which originate in the process of movie production. Let us try to understand under what circumstances, a producer of the movie is required to pay VAT or service tax when he exploits various rights involved in the movie. Further, let us also try to understand the taxability when a producer chooses to exploit one right among the bundle of rights pertaining to the movie. In order to understand the answerstothe above questions raised, it isvery importantto have basic knowledge aboutthe business of movie productions, origination of the rights therein and their commercial exploitation.

The person engaged in production of cinematographic film is entitled for various rights namely satellite broadcasting rights, video-on-demand rights, Near video-on-demand service rights, video copyrights, DVD copyrights, Broadband rights, Internet rights, terrestrial TV rights, air borne rights, High sea rights, hotel closed circuit rights, theatrical rights, dubbing rights, sub-titling rights, negative rights, re-assignment rights, remake and reproduction rights and animation rights.

The producer of the cinematographic film exploits all or any of the above rights to generate income by transferring all these rights as a whole on permanent or temporary basis. However, in certain arrangements, the producer might transfer (temporary or permanent) one right among the entire rights to one person and the remaining rights to another person. Let us say, the theatrical rights have been transferred (temporary or permanent) to one company and all other rights pertaining to the film are transferred (temporary or permanent) to another company.

The transfer of rights on a permanent basis would mean that the producer relinquishes allthe rights in the film to another person for a period and during such period, the producer does not have any rights in such film. Such period may be for perpetuity or say5 years. Such a transfer is called as permanent transfer. For example, the producer transfers all rights in the film unconditionally and exclusivelyto another person for a period (5 years or 99 years) and during such period, he does not have any rights in such film. This is the case of permanent tra nsfer.

However, if the producer transfers rights with certain conditions, limitations and reservations, such a transfer is called temporary transfer of such copyright. For example, the producer might transfer distribution rights of a film on a condition that the distribution of such film can be done only for a specific territory. Since such transfer is not an unconditional transfer and not an exclusive one, the transfer results in a temporary mode.

2004-TIOL-87-SC-CT-LB

Now, that we have understood the mode of business and channels for generation of income for the producer, let us proceed further to understand the indirect tax implication on the same.

Under the indirect tax laws, the mode of transfer (temporary or permanent) is very crucial to determine the taxation of such transaction. On a top level discussion, we can conclude that if the transfer is made on temporary basis, there shall be an obligation under service tax law and if the transfer is made on permanent basis, there shall be an obligation under VAT laws. However, what is interestingto understand is the law involved in arriving such conclusions which is explained in the succeeding paras.

To understand the conclusion that the permanent transfer of rights attracts obligation under VAT, a brief background as to how the VAT laws understand the concept of ‘goods’ has to be known. The best method we have is to understand the judgment delivered by the apex court in the case of Tata Consultancy (supra), where in it was held that “Goods may be a tangible property or an intangible one. It would become goods provided it has the attributes thereof having regard to (a) its utility; (b) capable of being bought and sold; and (c) capable of transmitted, transferred, delivered, stored and possessed”.

Hence, from the above it can be understood that the intangibles which have the above attributes can be regarded as ‘goods’ and the rights in cinematographic film undoubtedly satisfies all such attributes and hence carefully it can be concluded that such rights are ‘goods’.

Once, it is concluded that the rights involved in the cinematographicfilm are goods, the next question to be answered is whether the transfer of such right to use the goods (rights of cinematographic film) shall be considered as ‘sale’ under the VAT laws. To answer such a question, the definition of ‘sale’ as laid down under the VAT laws is crucial and let us see whether the definition of ‘sale’ under the state VAT laws covers such transfer of rightto usethe goods under its ambit.

Vide Explanation IV to the definition of ‘sale’ as provided in Section 2(28) of the Andhra Pradesh Value

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Added Tax Act, 2005, includes the transfer of right to use goods is deemed to be ‘sale’ .

Since that it is concluded that the intangibles are ‘goods’ and transfer of right to use such goods is ‘sale’, now we will try to understand when the obligation to pay VAT arises. The obligation to pay VAT arises only in a scenario where there is transfer of right to use in goods from one person to another on a permanent basis.

Only in the permanent basis, it can be said that the right to use in the goods is transferred to the other person and in all other modes of transfer, the right to use rests with the seller despite of the fact the possession is with the assignee during such period of transfer. Hence, when the producer transfers the right in the cinematographic film on a permanent basis to another person for a consideration, VAT has to be paid on such consideration.

Once, the mode of transfer of right in the cinematographic film is on permanent basis, there shall not be any implications under the service tax law on such transactions since such transactions which are in the nature of ‘Deemed Sales’ are specifically excluded from the definition of ‘Service’ as enumerated in Section 65 B (44) of Finance Act, 1994. Once the said transaction is excluded from the definition of ‘Service’, there shall be no compliance required under service tax law.

However, if the transfer of rights in cinematographic film is temporary in the nature, then such a transaction attracts compliance under service tax law. The same was made unambiguously clear by the legislature by inserting under the Declared Services vide Section 66E (c), ibid as ‘temporary transfer or permitting the use or enjoyment of any intellectual property right’.

So, the question now before us is how to decide a particular transfer to be a temporary or permanent in order to comply under respective laws as described in the above paragraphs. It is not out of context to mention that either under the VAT laws or Service Tax laws, there was mention about how to decide the transfer to be a permanent or temporary. The only test available in this regard is the wisdom laid down by

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the apex court in the case of BSNL vs. Union Of India. The said judgment lays down five conditions to determine whether the transfer of right to use goods is permanent or temporary. If all the conditions laid hereunder are met, then the said transfer is called permanent or otherwise can be concluded as temporary. The said conditions are:

1. There must begoods availablefordelivery;
2. There must be consensus ad idem as to the identity of the goods;
3. The transferee should have legal right to use the goods– consequently all legal consequences of such

use including any permissions or licenses required thereof should be available to the transferee;

4. For the period during which the transferee has such legal right, it has to be the exclusion to the

transferor;

5. Having transferred such right to use the goods during the period for which it is to be transferred, the owner cannot again the same rights to others.

Any agreement entered for transfer of right to use goods (in the instant case, rights of cinematographic film) has to be scrutinized as to satisfaction of the above conditions. If all the above laid down conditions are cumulatively satisfied, then the producer of the film has to pay VAT on the consideration received and if any of the conditions mentioned above are not met, then the producer has to pay service tax on such consideration.

So, the above discussion answers the question as to when the producer of the cinematographic film has to pay VAT or service tax when he exploits the right involved in the film. Now, this leaves us with final question to be answered is what is the taxability when a producer chooses to exploit one right among the bundle of rights pertaining to the movie, which is answered hereunder.

Let us answer the above question by taking an example. Say, a producer of the film, who is the exclusive owner of the film, has 4 different rights emanating from the film. The producer chooses to retain 3 rights with him and exploit 1 right (say satellite rights) by transferring to another person for a consideration. The mode of transfer adopted by the producer is a permanent basis and the terms of the transfer state that the buyer has an exclusive right over the satellite right to the exclusion of the seller. Now, the question that needs to be answered is whether this transaction is subjected to service tax or VAT.

From the above discussions, we have learnt that when a transfer of right to use goods is done on a permanent basis, then VAT has to be paid and in all other scenarios, service tax is required to be paid. In the instant example, out of the 4 rights available to the producer, only 1 right is assigned on the permanent basis and the remaining 3 still vests with the producer alone. So, the ambiguity here is whether the permanent basis test is to be applied to all the rights emanating from the film or has to be applied for each individual right.

The consequence of above is, if it is to be applied for all the rights, then the producer in the instant example has to pay service tax on such transaction, since the transfer is not on permanent basis since the 3 rights are still vested with him. If it is to be applied for each right emanating from the film, then VAT has to be paid on the income generated from exploitation of such single right and the same methodology has to be adopted for each and every single right depending upon the mode of transfer.

There is no clarity for the above question in both service tax law and VAT laws. Hence, the resort has to be on the judicial precedents in absence of statutory support. There was a recent judgment by the High

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Court of Madras in the case of AGS Entertainments Private Limited vs Union of India, wherein the Madras High Court has an occasion to deal with the transfer of copyrights in particular with film industry.

In the said judgment, the High Court has perused various clauses of the agreements pertaining to the transfer of distribution rights and others and concluded that only if the producer transfers all rights pertaining to an intellectual property right that is to say all modes of commercial exploitation then only the said transaction can be called as ‘sale’ and in all other cases the same can be called as temporary transfer wherein service tax is to be paid. That is to say the permanent basis test has to be applied to all the 4 rights (in the example, we have taken)to conclude about the taxability of the transaction.

However, the facts of the case involved in the above judgment are transfer of distribution rights by the producer to the distributor. The producer has only parted the distribution rights pertaining to specific area and for all other areas the producer has right to distribute the movie. That is to say in the facts of the case involved, the producer has not assigned exclusive distribution rights to the distributor, whereas the facts involved in the example we have taken, the producer has assigned exclusive rights to another person. So, we can conclude that the ratio of the decision of the High Court of Madras cannot be straightly adopted duetothevariation inthefacts.

Further, the Honorable High Court at one instance has an occasion (vide Para 76 &77) to deal asto what is the tax implication, if the producer relinquishes all the rights pertaining to the copyright vide one mode of exploitation, that is say in that case the producer has assigned exclusive rights for a particular movie to another person for exhibition of such movie through television for the entire world. However, the High Court did not get into detail in respect of taxation of such transaction and has not given any conclusion.

From the above, we understand that if the producer assigns one right emanating from an intellectual property to any other person exclusively (that isto say allthe conditions mentioned in the BSNLjudgment (supra) are satisfied in respect of such right) then it can be concluded that there shall be no impact of service tax on such right for the reasons mentioned hereunder.

The copyrights in the cinematographic film are bundle of rights. Each right has its own identity and each right involved in the film can be transferred to different persons without affecting other rights involved therein. That isto say, the audio rights involved in a movie can be transferred to one company, the satellite rights to another company and the distribution rights to another company. Each right is independent from other rights and has its own identity and marketability. Hence, the permanent basis test has to be adopted on individual rights and not on the bundle of rights. Since, there are no judicial precedents in the above context, we request the Central Board of Excise and Customs comes up with a clarification before the litigation arises.

This article is contributed by Partners of SBS and Company LLP - Chartered Accountant Company. You can be reached at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Preparation of Board’s Report under the Companies Act, 2013, can be co-related to putting a jig-saw puzzle in place, because of the quantum of information that needs to be obtained and put in place forthe same.

It is a welcome move that there are lot of disclosures/information which are required to made by the Board of Directors in their report, which in turn enables transparency as to the operations and managementinthecompany,thereby betterCorporateGovernance.

It is observed that most of the disclosures which are required to be given in the Board’s Report including its Annexures, and those in the Annual Return, are arranged in such a way so as to cross-verify/correlate one fact with a figure somewhere mentioned, or a figure with a fact. For example, if a Company discloses some information as to related party transactions on arms-length basis in AOC-2 (which is an annexure to the Board’ Report), then there is a disclosure in the Annual return (MGT-7) in which the company needs to give the details of filings as to the members approvals obtained for the same.

Preparation of Board’s Report varies from company to company and depending upon the nature of business, transactions and other criteria, and accordingly, Report of one Company cannot be used as a template, as such, for another company.

The provisions as to Board’s report are contained in Section 134 of the Companies Act, 2013 and rules framed thereunder, and the same are applicable to allthe companies including Small Companies and One Person Companies [OPCs], except for some of the disclosures which are applicable for Listed Companies and Public Limited Company with prescribed threshold limits as to Paid-up Capital and Turnover.

An effort has been made to bring out to list the disclosures which are required to be provided in the Board’s report by a PRIVATE COMPANY (whether the said company is a Small Company or not; and OPCs).

Contents/Disclosures required to be made in the Board’s Report:

134(3) (a) - Extract of the Annual Return as per Section 92(3) in Form MGT-9:

The major change in the Board’s Report under the Companies Act, 2013, in comparison with its counterpart under Companies Act, 1956, is that of inclusion of Extract of Annual Return, as an Annexure to the Director’s Report.

Rule 12(1) of the Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014, prescribes the format of the Extract to the Annual Return in MGT-9.

The point to be noted here is, under the Companies Act, 1956, normally, the Annual Return was prepared after the completion of the Annual General Meeting, with the details standing as on the AGM Date. However under the Companies Act, 2013, the information standing as on 31.03.2015 (Financial Year end Date) is to be provided in the Annual Return.

Read more: Board’s Report Under Companies Act, 2013 - Contents Thereof - An Analysis

What and Why Ind AS:

To know what and why Ind AS, we need to first understand what and why IFRS: IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed as a common global language for business affairs so that company accounts are understandable and comparable across international boundaries. They are a consequence of growing international shareholding and trade and are particularly important for companies that have dealings in several countries.

According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. IFRS are used in many parts of the world, including the European Union, India, Hong Kong, Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and GCC countries, Russia, Chile, South Africa, Singapore and Turkey. As more than 113 countries around the world, including all of Europe, currently require or permit IFRS reporting and 85 require IFRS reporting for all domestic, listed companies

Advantages of IFRS

Most important advantage of presenting financials per IFRS offers comparability. With India being an emerging market, such presentation provides an advantage.

Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC), USA has also permitted filing of IFRS- compliant financial statements without requiring presentation of reconciliation statement between US GAAPs and IFRSs.

Why in India

There has been academic research about the benefits of IFRS to reduce capital costs in Europe. And here, we are speaking about mature economies.

For emerging economies like India, the impact will be even bigger. And that is why countries like Brazil or Korea have decided to adopt IFRS. The Indian stock markets already have a high percentage of foreign owners, that might further increase and the ratios may get better.

If one looks at the extent of foreign institutional investors (FII) and foreign direct investment (FDI) that is coming into the country, today most of them are forced to rely on Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) which all of them know are very different from the international standards.

The moment companies start reporting under Ind-AS or IFRS, the overall confidence in the quality of financial reporting will go up significantly and therefore, the risk premium otherwise getting attached or even the discount getting attached to the reported earnings of the companies will go off.

This will ultimately result in lowering the cost of capital. Road Map for implementation of IFRS

India decided to converge and not adopt IFRS in toto.

Adoption means application of IFRS issued by IASB as it is in toto. Convergence, on the other hand, means using IFRS issued by IASB with some carve in and carve outs.

The IFRS converged standards notified in India are Ind AS (Indian Accounting Standards), which are notified by MCA on 16 Feb 2015.

On 16 Feb 2015, MCA notified 39 Ind AS along with implementation roadmap, which is going to be phase wise as given below.

(a) Early adoption permitted voluntarily from 1April 2015, with one year comparative.

(b) Phase I applicable from 1st April 2016 onwards to

-            Listed & Unlisted Companies having net worth *=> 500 crores

-            Holding, Sudsy, JV or Asso of above

(c) Phase 2 applicable from 1st April 2017 onwards to

-            Listed companies having net worth* less than 500 cr

-            Unlisted companies having net worth*>=250 cr but less than 500 cr

-            Holding, Subsy, JV and Associates of above.

For companies covered in the first phase of the road map following are the alarming dates:

Transition date (1st Apr 2015) - Companies have to prepare Opening Balance sheet as per Ind AS.

Ø         Adoption date (1st Apr 2016).

Ø         Reporting Date (31st Mar 2017) - Full-fledged Ind AS financials with comparative needs to be prepared.

Note:

1. Companies have to continue reporting their financials as per existing AS for the year ending 31 Mar 2016. 
2. Such companies need to compile their financials as per Ind AS also for year ending 31 Mar 2016 being comparative period for 31 Mar 2017.

* Net worth has same meaning as defined in section 2(57) of companies Act, 2013

Deliverables in Ind AS regime:

As part of Ind AS transition process, companies covered in first phase will have to prepare:

Ø Opening Ind AS Balance sheet as at 1st April 2015.

Ø      Equity reconciliation between Ind AS and Indian GAAP on 1stApril 2015 & 31s tMar 2016.

Ø      Income Reconciliation between Ind AS and Indian GAAP for the year ending 31st Mar 2016.

Ø      Ind AS financial statements as at and for the year ending 31st Mar 2016 for comparative.

Ø      Ind AS Financial statements as at and for year ending 31st Mar 2017.

Ind AS financial statements includes following deliverables:

Balance Sheet

Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive Income

Statement of changes in equity

Statement of cash flows

Notes including significant accounting policies and other explanatory information to the accounts.

Interesting to know:

Ø    The Insurance, Banking and NBFC companies shall not be required to apply Ind AS either voluntarily or mandatorily as per notified roadmap.

Ø    Companies that are listed or in the process of listing in SME exchanges are exempt from implementation roadmap.

Ø    Net worth for the purpose of applicability needs to be checked on Mar 31st, 2014 on the basis of audited standalone financials or after first audited accounting period.

Ø      Ind AS will apply to both Consolidated as well as standalone financials of the company.

Ø    Ind AS once adopted either voluntarily or mandatorily cannot be revoked in prospective years even in case of net worth goes down from specified limit or any other criteria given in roadmap.

Practical issues /FAQ’s:

1. What will be the applicability date if the company has a year ending other than 31st March? Sol. Ind AS applicability is decided based on the beginning of the financial year and not its end.

Explanation: To comply with the companies Act 2013 requirement concerning uniform financial year, a company prepares 15-month financials starting 1st April 2015 to 31st March 2016. Following table helps to decide the applicability of IND AS.

1. Whether IND AS should be applied only to CFS or should it be applied to stand alone financials correspondingly.

Sol. In accordance with the final road map notified under the Companies Act 2013, companies need to apply both at the SFS and CFS level. This will help users understand the financials better. Moreover, Section 129(3) of Companies Act 2013 requires the CFS to be prepared in the same form and manner as company’s SFS.

1. Can a company choose to apply certain standards of IND AS and continue with GAAP with respect to other disclosures?

Sol. No. A company who wishes to voluntarily adopts IND AS, need to apply either adopt IND AS or 2006 AS in its entirety. Companies are not allowed to mix between the two different sets of standards.

1. Does the requirement to include subsidiaries, JV’s for adopting the IND AS extends to Indirect/step­down subsidiaries?

Sol. Yes. The term subsidiary per companies Act 2013 and accounting standards include direct as well as indirect /step down subsidiaries.

1. Does the requirement to include subsidiaries, JV’s for adopting the IND AS extends to Indirect/step­down subsidiaries even when the parent has voluntarily adopted IND AS and not by virtue of applicability criteria i.e., net worth?

Sol. No and Yes. Using the strict definition, its no, since the parent is not required to adopt by virtue of applicability criteria-net worth But from practical stand point, it is required to adopt since, these subsidiaries/JV’s need to provide IND AS group reporting package to facilitate preparation of IND AS CFS by the company which has adopted IND AS – even if voluntarily.

1. Are IND AS applicable to venture capital funds(VCFs) and mutual funds (Mfs)? Sol. No.

The road map is clear that it applies to companies. For VCFs and MFs the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) will lay down conversion road map separately.

1. Is interim financial information required to be Ind- AS Compliant?

Sol. Yes.

As per clause 41 of the listing agreement currently requires that quarterly and year to date results should be prepared in accordance with recognition and measurement principles laid down in AS 25 Interim Financials Reporting notified under the Company rules, 2006. Once company starts using IND AS for annual financials statements, it will be expected that the company use same standards for quarterly reporting.

This poses a practical difficulty for the first year of adoption in terms of comparatives. Since the interim financials are prepared in comparison with the previous years financials – which are presented in Indian GAAP, a lot of information and explanations need to be provided to make the numbers comparable.

This article is contributed by Partners of SBS and Company LLP - Chartered Accountant Company. You can be reached at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.